上極限集合/下極限集合とボレル・カンテリの補題

$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n}=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}\bigcup_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}$$
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\inf A_{n}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}\bigcap_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}$$

$$\bigcup_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}=\{x\mid\exists l\geq n \quad x\in A_{l}\}$$
$$\bigcap_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}=\{x\mid\forall l\geq n \quad x\in A_{l}\}$$

$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n}=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}\{x\mid\exists l\geq n \quad x\in A_{l}\}$$
$$=\{x\mid\forall m\quad x\in\{x\mid\exists l\geq m \quad x\in A_{l}\}\}$$
$$=\{x\mid\forall m\quad\exists l\geq m \quad x\in A_{l}\}$$
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\inf A_{n}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}\{x\mid\forall l\geq n \quad x\in A_{l}\}$$
$$=\{x\mid\exists m\quad x\in\{x\mid\forall l\geq m \quad x\in A_{l}\}\}$$
$$=\{x\mid\exists m\quad\forall l\geq m \quad x\in A_{l}\}$$

$$TFFTFTT\dots FFT\dots FT\dots$$

$$TFFTFTT\dots TTT\dots TT\dots$$

$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n}\supset\lim_{n\to\infty}\inf A_{n}$$

$$\lim_{n\to\infty}A_{n}$$

$$すべての m (\geq 1)について、\bigcup_{k=m}^{\infty}A_{k}は等しい\tag{1}$$
$$\bigcap_{k=m}^{\infty}A_{k}=A_{m}\tag{2}$$

$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n}=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}\bigcup_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}A_{n}\quad(\because(1))$$
$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\inf A_{n}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}\bigcap_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}A_{n}\quad(\because(2))$$

$$\limsup_{n\to\infty}A_{n}=\liminf_{n\to\infty}A_{n}=\lim_{n\to\infty}A_{n}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}A_{n}\tag{3}$$

$$\limsup_{n\to\infty}A_{n}^{c}=\liminf_{n\to\infty}A_{n}^{c}=\lim_{n\to\infty}A_{n}^{c}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}A_{n}^{c}$$

$$\limsup_{n\to\infty}A_{n}=\liminf_{n\to\infty}A_{n}= \lim_{n\to\infty}A_{n}$$
$$=\left(\lim_{n\to\infty}A_{n}^{c}\right)^{c}=\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}A_{n}^{c}\right)^{c}=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}A_{n}\tag{4}$$

$$P(\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n})=1$$
$$P(\lim_{n\to\infty}\inf A_{n})=0$$

$$\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n}=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}B_{n}=\lim_{n\to\infty}B_{n}$$

$$P(\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n})=P(\lim_{n\to\infty}B_{n})=\lim_{n\to\infty}P(B_{n})=\lim_{n\to\infty}P\left(\bigcup_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}\right)$$

$$P(\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n})=\lim_{n\to\infty}P\left(\bigcup_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}\right)\leq\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k=n}^{\infty}P(A_{k})=0$$

$$(\lim_{n\to\infty}\sup A_{n})^{c}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\inf A_{n}^{c}$$

$$\left(\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}\bigcup_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}\right)^{c}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}\bigcap_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}^{c}$$

$$P\left(\bigcap_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}^{c}\right)=\lim_{m\to\infty}P\left(\bigcap_{k=n}^{m}A_{k}^{c}\right)=\lim_{m\to\infty}\prod_{k=n}^{m}P(A_{k}^{c})=\lim_{m\to\infty}\prod_{k=n}^{m}\left(1-P(A_{k})\right)$$

$$\lim_{m\to\infty}\prod_{k=n}^{m}\left(1-P(A_{k})\right)\leq \lim_{m\to\infty}\prod_{k=n}^{m}\exp\left(-P(A_{k})\right)$$
$$=\lim_{m\to\infty}\exp\left(-\sum_{k=n}^{m}P(A_{k})\right)=0\quad(\because\quad 仮定)$$

$$\lim_{n\to\infty}B_{n}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}B_{n}=\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}\bigcap_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}^{c}$$

$$P\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}\bigcap_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}^{c}\right)=P\left(\lim_{n\to\infty}B_{n}\right)=\lim_{n\to\infty}P\left(B_{n}\right)$$
$$=\lim_{n\to\infty}P\left(\bigcap_{k=n}^{\infty}A_{k}^{c}\right)=0$$

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^{2}}=\frac{\pi^{2}}{6}<\infty\quad(\because\quad バーゼル問題)$$